Angina (angina pectoris) is a type of temporary chest pain, pressure or discomfort. In one type of angina, called stable angina, the attacks happen only when the heart needs extra oxygen, like when a person climbs a long flight of stairs or jogs across the street. In another type of angina, called unstable angina, angina attacks may occur more frequently, with less activity – even when a person is at rest. Approximately 6.6 million Americans are diagnosed with angina, about four million of whom are females. (American Heart Association; Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics, 2003).

When the heart is not getting enough oxygen-rich blood (cardiac ischemia), angina can be considered a distress call or warning signal. The most common cause of cardiac ischemia is coronary artery disease. The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood. When they are hardened and narrowed (atherosclerotic), oxygen-rich blood may not be able to travel freely to the heart, triggering cardiac ischemia and (often) angina.

Not only can cardiac ischemia cause angina, but it can also lead to dangerous problems over time if underlying conditions are left untreated.

Fortunately, treatment is available. Treatment usually includes a combination of “lifestyle changes” that people can make on their own (e.g., quitting smoking) and taking medication (e.g., nitrates). If coronary artery disease is present, treatment options may then include medication, balloon angioplasty (with or without stenting) and traditional bypass surgery.